Simpson, T., Gousfield, G., Wohleb, A., Depcik, C.(2022).  Electric Vehicle Simulations Based on Kansas-Centric Conditions. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 13, 132.

Abstract

Range anxiety is a significant contributor to consumer reticence when purchasing electric vehicles (EVs). To alleviate this concern, new commercial EVs readily achieve over 200 miles of range, as found by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). However, this range, measured under idealized conditions, is often not encountered in real-world conditions. As a result, this effort describes the simplest model that incorporates all key factors that affect the range of an EV. Calibration of the model to EPA tests found an average deviation of 0.45 and 0.57 miles for highway and city ranges, respectively, among seven commercial EVs. Subsequent predictions found significant losses based on the impact of road grade, wind, and vehicle speed over a Kansas interstate highway. For cabin conditioning, up to 57.8% and 37.5% losses in range were found when simulating vehicles at 20 °F and 95 °F, respectively. Simulated aging of the vehicle battery pack showed range losses up to 53.1% at 100,000 miles. Model extensions to rain and snow illustrated corresponding losses based on the level of precipitation on the road. All model outcomes were translated into an Excel spreadsheet that can be used to predict the range of a generic EV over Kansas-centric roads.